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The legal aspects of ritual slaughter include the regulation of slaughterhouses, butchers, and religious personnel involved with traditional shechita (Jewish) and dhabiha (Islamic). Regulations also may extend to butchery products sold in accordance with kashrut and halal religious law. Governments regulate ritual slaughter, primarily through legislation and administrative law. In addition, compliance with oversight of ritual slaughter is monitored by governmental agencies and, on occasion, contested in litigation. ==Scope of regulations== In Western countries, law reaches into every stage of ritual slaughter, from the slaughtering of livestock to the sale of kosher or halal meat. In the United States, for example, courts have ruled that kosher butchers may be excluded from collective bargaining units,〔Aurora Packing Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 904 F. 2d 73 (D.C. Cir. 1990) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 a Jewish beit din (court) may forbid trade with disapproved butchers,〔S.S. & B. Live Poultry Corp. v. Kashrut Ass'n of Greater NY, 158 Misc. 358, 285 N.Y.S. 879 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. City, 1936) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 retail sellers implicitly stipulate their compliance with rabbinic courts,〔Cohen v. Silver, 277 Mass 230, 178 NE 508 (Supreme Judicial Court, 1931) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 a state law (NY) may incorporate a rabbinical ruling on kosher labeling,〔People v. Gordon, 14 NYS2d 333, 172 Misc 543 (Sp.Sess. 1939) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 and kashrut symbols may be subject to trade infringement laws.〔Levy v. Kosher Overseers Association of America, Inc., 104 F. 3d 38 (2d Cir. 1997) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 Due to differences between ritual and mainstream slaughtering practices, kosher slaughter may be exempted from animal welfare laws. For instance, in the United States, the Humane Slaughter Act (7 U.S.C. section 1901) exempts ritual slaughter, and this exemption has been upheld as constitutional.〔Jones v. Butz, 374 F. Supp. 1284 (S.D.N.Y. 1974); aff'd, 95 S.Ct. 22 319 US 806, 42 L.Ed.2d 806 (1974) as cited by (Jlaw.com )〕 In the United States religious slaughter is not practiced under any exemption. Instead the Humane Slaughter Act defines religious slaughter by Jews and Muslims as one of two humane methods for killing animals for food, the other being using stunning. 〔(Dr. Isaac Lewin And The Fight For Kosher Slaughter )〕 〔()〕 The kosher food industry has challenged regulations as an infringement on religious freedom.〔"Kosher Food Regulation and the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment" by Gerald F. Masoudi, ''The University of Chicago Law Review'', Vol. 60, No. 2. (Spring, 1993), pp. 667–696 (JSTOR link )〕 Secular governments also have sought to restrict ritual slaughter not intended for food consumption. In the U.S., the most prominent such case is Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah. In this case, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled unconstitutional a local Florida ban on Santería ritual animal sacrifice. The issue is complicated by allegations of antisemitism and xenophobia. Lastly, recent debate in Switzerland has been contentious, in part, because of comparisons by a prominent activist between kosher slaughter and the methods used by Nazis in concentration camps. The metaphor was borrowed from the vegetarian and Nobel Prize laureate Isaac Bashevis Singer who said "I am not a vegetarian for my own health, but for the health of the chickens" and has one of his fictional characters say, "every day is Treblinka for the animals." 〔(Quoted on this site in French: “En pensée, Herman fit l'oraison funèbre de la souris qui avait partagé une partie de sa vie et qui, à cause de lui, avait quitté cette terre. "Tous ces érudits, tous ces philosophes, les dirigeants de la planète, que savent-ils de quelqu'un comme toi? Ils se sont persuadé que l'homme, espèce pécheresse entre toutes, domine la création. Toutes les autres créatures n'auraient été créées que pour lui procurer de la nourritures, des fourrures, pour être martyrisées, exterminées. Pour ces créatures, tous les humains sont nazis; pour les animaux, c'est un éternel Treblinka.” )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Legal aspects of ritual slaughter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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